Editor’s Note: This article was originally published in November 2020. It has been edited for republication.
Although America’s space shuttle was not the budget-friendly platform it was intended to be, the program was so successful that the Soviet Union decided to build its own. Unbeknownst to most, they actually did, and it even flew in space.
On April 12, 1981, NASA’s Space Shuttle Columbia roared to life for the first time. As the shuttle’s three powerful main engines ignited, they burned a swimming pool’s worth of fuel every 25 seconds, thrusting the 4.4 million pound shuttle into the sky with an astonishing 37 million horsepower. In just eight and a half minutes, the shuttle would expend all of the fuel in its massive orange fuel tank and burn through its two solid-fuel rocket thrusters.
If you were to start an 80’s sitcom just as the Columbia launched that day, the space shuttle would go from zero to 17,500 miles per hour before the first commercial break.
The success of Columbia’s first mission was an exciting time for the United States, but on the other side of the globe, it left Moscow in a sour mood. The Soviets had been watching America’s space shuttle program mature, thanks to America’s more media-friendly approach to space travel. In fact, by Columbia’s first launch, the Soviets had already begun development on their own space shuttle–one that bore a striking resemblance to NASA’s new crown jewel.
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Using the Cold War as rocket fuel
The American space shuttle program had roots that reached all the way back to the Apollo era, but the concept itself wasn’t presented to the public until 1972. Two years later, as NASA’s efforts were beginning to take shape, a secret meeting was held in the Kremlin between the head of the Soviet Union’s Military-Industrial Commission, Vladimir Smirnov, and the Soviet leader at the time, Leonid Brezhnev.
While the Americans had always done a good job of dressing their space efforts up as nothing more than the pursuit of science and national pride, the military applications of such a vehicle were clear. America’s space shuttle would allow for the launch of bigger, more complex spy satellites, allow crews to fly into orbit to conduct maintenance or repairs, and, most importantly, allow for the vessel itself to be re-used–theoretically driving down the price of orbital operations. Among the Soviets, there was also the fear that this new spacecraft could be used as some sort of orbital bomber.
“Such a vehicle is like an aircraft. It is capable, through a side maneuver, of changing its orbit in such a way that it would find itself at the right moment right over Moscow, possibly with dangerous cargo,” Smirnov explained in the meeting.
Just as defense officials in the United States may have over-estimated (or intentionally inflated) the threat posed by the Soviet Union’s various military and technological programs, Smirnov and his supporters knew that it was in their best interest to really sell the idea that the American shuttle posed a serious threat to Soviet interests.
“They began to use the shuttle to frighten Leonid Illyich Brezhnev and they explained to him that damned shuttle could zoom down on Moscow at any minute, bomb it to smithereens and fly away,” a Russian journalist wrote in 1991, just before the Soviet Union fell.
“Brezhnev understood, yes, of course, an alternative weapon is necessary.”
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The Cold War was ripe with this sort of military one-upmanship, both as a means to gain a military advantage, and as a public means of validating each nation’s respective economic models. Every American success the Soviets couldn’t match was seen as a defacto argument in favor of capitalism by leaders in Moscow.
In effect, admitting that they couldn’t build their own shuttle would mean acknowledging that the Soviet system was falling short of the scientific, engineering, and material capabilities of America’s government model. This ideological conflict was the very bedrock of the Cold War, and just ten years before the Soviet Union would collapse under the weight of its own failure, things were already beginning to look bleak. The Soviet Union needed a win, and Smirnov was able to convince Brezhnev that a Soviet space shuttle could be just that.
The Soviet’s secret Space Shuttle program begins
By early 1976, the Communist Party’s Central Committee and the Soviet Council of Ministers gave their approval to move forward with plans to develop a new shuttle. Heading up the secret effort was Col. General Alexander Maksimov, a military official tasked with managing the Soviet’s existing military space programs. Two scientists, V. P. Glushko and Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy, were also tasked with leading the effort, but among those involved, there was no doubt that the new shuttle program, dubbed “Buran,” would be a distinctly military endeavor.
“It is no secret to anyone in our sector … that the Energia-Buran system was ordered from us by the military,” said Yuri Semenov, developer of the Energia booster program. “It was said at meetings on various levels that American shuttles, even on the first revolution, could perform a lateral maneuver and turn to be over Moscow, possibly with dangerous cargo. Parity is needed, we needed the same type of rocket-space system.”
Initially, the Soviets considered restarting a previous space-plane program called “Spiral.” Development had ended on the small space-plane concept more than a decade prior, however, and Soviet officials noted that the intended use of “Spiral” wouldn’t offer anything close to the capability offered by America’s forthcoming shuttles.
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Stealing the Space Shuttle
With the Americans making steady progress on their own space shuttle program by the late 1970s, the Soviet leadership recognized how far behind they were. If they were going to keep pace with NASA, they would need to find a way to expedite the design process without backtracking to their canceled Spiral program. While the decision to scrap Spiral was made based on its limited capability, many within the Soviet Union were frustrated by the seemingly schizophrenic approach to developing orbital platforms.
“The Spiral was a very good project but it was another mistake for our government. They said Americans didn’t have a space shuttle [back then] and we shouldn’t either and it was destroyed. Then, after you made your space shuttle, immediately they demanded a space shuttle. … It was very crazy of our government.”
-Georgi Grechko, Soviet Cosmonaut
Despite the frustrations of those involved and the Soviet Union’s impending collapse, at the time, the Soviet space program remained among the best in the world. Its scientist and engineers had racked up victory after victory in the first rounds of the Cold War’s space race, putting the first satellite, animal, and man into orbit before the Americans. NASA may have thrown a knockout punch with the moon landing in 1969, but the Soviets were far from down for the count. If America could design a space shuttle, it was entirely plausible that the Soviets could too. The only question was: Could they do it fast enough to keep pace with NASA?
Without help, the answer seemed to be a resounding no, but the Soviets were no strangers to reverse engineering American technology. For instance, in the late 1950s, the Soviets got their hands on one of America’s highly capable air-to-air missiles, the AIM-9 Sidewinder, through a deal brokered with China (and one pilot’s incredibly good luck). The Soviets were able to glean a great deal of information about missile technology from the single missile they acquired and rapidly put Soviet variants of the missile into production. A space shuttle, however, would certainly be a lot tougher to steal… but as it turned out, they wouldn’t have to.
America’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, was a civilian agency that was clearly delineated from America’s military. While this separation may have been more about aesthetics than function (nearly every space effort had military implications), NASA did not treat its shuttle program like it was the development of a weapon system at all. As a result, documentation and even plans for the shuttle were all considered unclassified–and readily available to the public. In fact, much of the material the Soviet Union needed was hosted on commercial databases, making the effort to gather these documents one of the first (if not the first) case of digital espionage.
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“Documents acquired dealt with airframe designs (including the computer programs on design analysis), materials, flight computer systems, and propulsion systems. This information allowed Soviet military industries to save years of scientific research and testing time as well as millions of rubles as they developed their own very similar space shuttle vehicle.”
-The 1985 CIA analysis on “Soviet Acquisition of Militarily Significant Western Technology”
Reaching orbit
With all the technical information they needed, construction on the Buran began in 1980, and within just four years, the Soviets were able to unveil their strikingly familiar-looking space shuttle. Despite the clear aesthetic resemblance, however, the Buran did depart from the American design in a number of important ways.
First and foremost, rather than housing the shuttle’s main engines within the spacecraft itself, the Soviets chose to simply attach their shuttle to their super-heavy lift Energia rocket. It was also designed and built to operate autonomously, making it capable of completing orbital missions without a crew on board. Perhaps the most significant departures from the American shuttle were the four jet engines mounted on the rear of the aircraft that would offer the vehicle-powered flight. However, despite there being images of these jet engines on the Buran, they were not present as the spacecraft prepared for its first orbital flight.
On November 15, 1988, seven and a half years after the Space Shuttle Columbia lifted off from Kennedy Space Center, the Buran launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The Soviet space shuttle did not have a crew on board, which may have been seen as an appropriate precaution. Less than 20 years earlier, three cosmonauts died after their Soyuz 11 spacecraft depressurized in space. Four years prior to that, cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov was killed in the first-ever launch of the Soyuz spacecraft. While crew safety was likely a consideration, by 1988, the Soviet Union was already amid political turmoil. Killing another crew in a space launch would not have helped the situation.
The Buran first reached low earth orbit on the back of its massive Energia rocket. From there, it boosted itself into a slightly higher orbit before circling the planet twice and beginning reentry. Without its jet engines, the Soviet space shuttle would have to glide back to its runway at the Baikonur Cosmodrome just like the American shuttle. Unlike the American shuttle, however, the Buran had no pilot on board to manage the descent.
In a resounding success for the ship’s autonomous systems, the Buran touched down shortly after reentry, making what some called a “flawless” runway landing. In fact, upon closer inspection, the Buran’s heat shielding seemed to have faired even better than America’s first shuttle launch. With new data to work with, the Soviets began preparing for another launch that would never come.
Three years after the Buran’s first and only successful flight, the government of the Soviet Union collapsed, and with it, any hope of ever putting the Soviet space shuttle Buran back into orbit.
Feature image courtesy of Roscosmos
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There’s a bunch of Buran’s currently collecting dust in Baikonur, in varying states of assemblage/disassemblage.
https://youtu.be/-q7ZVXOU3kM
bald n bankrupt also did a tour recently
What was missing from this article, is the fact we knew they were copying the shuttle, so they put out inaccurate plans of it, and the Buran almost did not make it home, and never flew again.
The Soviet Buran was not a copy of the 1st gen Columbia- Enterprise NASA Space Shuttle Vehicle it was a copy of a more advanced Military Heavy Lift Shuttle. The 2nd Gen was the Atlantis and Discovery Vehicles but the Military Developed a Heavy Lift Shuttle for the ” Solar Warden SSG Space Services Group.”. That is the Clandestine wing of the Secret Military Space Program. So the Soviets did not copy Columbia the copied the more advanced Above Top Secret Heavy Lift Shuttle.
LOL, AneM needs to learn to move on. So does Mark Schuster. I am sick and tired of hearing all this bogus crap about the man who is now our President – yeah, that’s right, OUR president, yours too. Joe Biden did not cause any of the problems that your “hero” from the trade war that we lost to the Red Chinese to the fact that it was Trump, not Biden, who allowed the COVID-19 pandemic to enter our country from Red China and make our country the epicenter of this pandemic in terms of cases and deaths. How’s “Make America Great Again” working out for you now? Just asking.
You totally missed the point of this article.
This guy’s an idiot
Maga!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Joe Biden is a pedophile
Think you better get off the crack pipe….your buddy Joe Biden is in bed with Russia and china because of his and his crime family dealings with those two countries. If trump was still in office we wouldn’t have these messes that Joe got us in. There wouldn’t be a war going on in Ukraine…we would have high inflation…as you blaming trump for COVID in our country. It could’ve been more worse if he didn’t put a hault in people visiting our country . He did this with in a week .think you need to do some fact checking ..oh plus trump wanted to go after china for the COVID mess..sue them bigtime. 3)4 of our debt is with China..he wanted to while that out .. you don’t see Joe doing anything about going after china for the COVID. Because there in bed with the COVID Dems knew about it..hell they help funded to create it with Dr fauci. To take down trump…wakeup dude quit watching fake news
Lol… Trump allowed Covid-19 to enter our country? Trump wanted our borders locked down; travel to mainland China and the Wuhan district suspended. He was met with heavy criticism from the Democratic controlled House, spearheaded by Pelosi and Schumer. He was touted as a xenophobe and a racist. He was ridiculed by MSM, Democrats and RINO’s; with Pelosi, mockingly encouraging constituents to ‘go visit Chinatown.’ You’re just another ‘misinformed, orange man bad’ mouthpiece! Aside from that, Biden said he had a “plan” to fix the American economy. Now, would be a good time to utilize that “plan.” Oh, wait! Pushing 50 years in politics; the man, was and still is worthless!
how space tv work? i mean throughout satellite
Would you please explain what your comments had to do with the Soviets copying US Space Shuttle design?
As for the “crap” that you are hearing about Biden is factual “crap” unlike the made up “crap” that the left perpetrated upon the last President.
Your acrimony toward Mr. Trump is misplaced. Every evil that has befallen the US since 2020 is squarely the construct of the leftist government now in place. And it isn’t working out well.
It`s very funny to read about technology stolen, reverse engineering, when in 1976, the soviet pilot Виктор Иванович Беленко defected to the west (Japan) with a MIG-25 and fastly the USA sent a crew to dismantle and study the aircraft. Your memmories are a bit selective.
HAHAHA…breaking down an aircraft to understand your enemy’s capabilities is a LOT different from doing it because you need to steal their technology to advance your own. If you don’t see the difference…well…
Where the USSR failed, corrupt us politicians have made hundreds of thousands of deals with the CCP, so they still have the same authoritarian government the USSR had but with its weird communist/capitalism system that uses slave labor. China has copied and stolen everything from Gibson guitars to the latest f35. And be afraid America, what will always hold us back is our respect for human life. I just saw a recording on tv of a Chinese gov man explaining that. The western countries focus on the individual rights where China focuses on the health of the party at the cost of as many humans as needed. So now China has fought up with the USA and is about to pass her. Donald Trump finally had China back on her heals, but China is rejoicing with the election of Biden who is on the Chinese payroll. The Biden’s have made more foreign money then they ever would as US politicians. You may have hated trumps hair and tweets. But he is the first president in my life of either party to keep us safe. Notice most Biden voters hate the USA .
Do the Biden voters hate USA or its way of life?
You’re right on buddy, it’s sad to see that hate for Trump overlooks everything good Trump did. Yet, Xiden, Hitlery, Obanana, can get away with everything enriching themselves, on taxpayers expense.
If you were able to see your comment in a mirror… it would be the perfect answer to yours, hipocracy! You’re week qualified, enjoy your small limited mind
in a society made up of too many selfish and ignorant people, the U.S. americans create their own problems. and after almost 300 years, they still dont get it. and technology provides an even bigger wedge in the Divided States of America. i served the government as a Marine, and i can see that many things in the states, including many people, are not worth protecting. however, i was only here to read about aerospace and such. Mr Hollings, my apologies, i do not want this forum to be politicized.
Two Burans abandoned in Kazakhstan – lots of pictures. But Sandboxx won’t let me post the link, so Google “buran abandoned kazakhstan”.
The Complete Buran space shuttle is on permanent exhibit at the Technik Museum Speyer in Germany.
Soviet Union ran out of money. The People Quit Working ! FACT !!!
“They pretended to pay us & we pretended to work”
Exactly!
Can you explain the “love” for Biden, you apparently have?
Or, is it the hate for Trump loving America? Sorry, I misspelled Xiden…